Unveiling the intriguing properties: A Study on the powerful Phytochemicals and Biological Marvels of the Calotropis procera plant

Abstract

Calotropis procera, known as giant milkweed, is notable for its rich array of phytochemicals that showcase various biological activities. This study aimed to analyze the plant's phytochemical constituents and assess its potential antimicrobial properties. Key phytochemicals identified include flavonoids (with antioxidant properties), tannins (providing astringent qualities), saponins (possibly boosting immunity), steroids (known for anti-inflammatory effects), glycosides (involved in physiological functions), alkaloids (medicinal properties), and cardiac glycosides (influencing heart function). For antimicrobial testing, specific clinical isolates were evaluated in vitro, including Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, along with Candida albicans for opportunistic infections. Results showed that both ethyl acetate and aqueous leaf fractions were highly effective against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating the plant's antimicrobial potential. Meanwhile, the aqueous and methanol root fractions effectively inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as well. Notably, hexane fractions were active only against Candida species, indicating selective anti-fungal properties.