Journal of Indigenous Languages (JIL) - Promoting Indigenous Languages and publications addressing indigenous languages and knowledge issues. JIL is a semiannual open-access double-blind peer-reviewed international journal. JIL publishes original research work that promotes Indigenous Languages like Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa, Kiswahili, Setwana, Gikuyu, French, and many others. Also, JIL accepts manuscripts written in English but promotes topics addressing indigenous language issues. The journal's mission is to provide and promote high-quality research articles, and literature review papers that increase access to written indigenous knowledge. JIL’s main aim and scope focus on the preservation of Indigenous Languages globally. There is NO Submission Fee, Processing Fee, or Publication Fee for JIL. Motto: To provide a scientific research platform that promotes, distributes, and preserves Indigenous Languages and indigenous topics.
Circumfixation as an affixal process in Tiv
Tiv, a language spoken in the north-central geopolitical area of Nigeria and Southern Cameroon, has various ways of forming words, with circumfixation being one of them. Circumfixation is one of the types of affixes that is vitally important in Tiv but has not received scholarly attention due to the erroneous impression that Tiv morphology only has prefixes and suffixes. This study, therefore, investigates the functions of circumfixes in Tiv and adopts Hockett’s Item-and-Arrangement Model of 1954 to examine the functions of the Tiv circumfixes. Methodologically, this study sourced its data through primary and secondary sources. The primary source of data collection was obtained through observation, which is the firsthand experience of the research setting, and the secondary sources were elicited through the consultation of textbooks, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, journal articles, Icighan Bibilo (1964 [2007]), and The Revised Holy Bible in Tiv (2017). Deliberate sampling technique was used to obtain meaningful data for this study. The researchers obtained data by jotting, transcribing, classifying, and analysing them according to their functions. It has been found that Tiv circumfixation performs derivational and inflectional functions; Tiv circumfixation’s architecture comprises vowel plus vowel and consonant (V+VC), vowel plus consonant (V+C), consonant plus consonant (C+C); Tiv language has other affixal processes such as infixes, interfixes, superfixes as against the oversubscribed prefixes and suffixes; and circumfixation is also known as adfixation, ambifixation, confixation, parafixation and simulfixation. This study is, therefore, recommended to scholars, students, writers, teachers, lecturers and curriculum designers to recognise other affixal processes, write scholarly articles, compare circumfixation with compounding and review the definition and types of affixes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Terfa Aor, Margaret Nguemo Iorember https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Masculinities in selected Yoruba proverbs and the complexities of being a man in a changing world
This paper explores the complexities of being a man as represented in selected Yoruba proverbs and the implications in a fast-changing world. Proverbs in African parlance is a reflection of a people’s way of life, culture, strength, weakness, dos and don’ts. As a vehicle of communication, a proverb among the Yoruba people of Nigeria, West Africa, is meant to give meaning to expression. The study, therefore, discusses the construction of man in the Yoruba socio-cultural milieu and how this construction is reflected in the proverbs of the people. As a qualitative research study, the study relies on masculinity as a framework, especially for the analysis of ten selected Yoruba proverbs. The study discovered that while men are constantly changing in status and role as a result of changing economic and social equilibrium, the proverbs that construct him as a man remain constant. It is, therefore, suggested that some of the proverbs that construct the man against the reality of his existence and changing circumstances should begin to change or be rebranded in order to position him for the only thing that is constant “change”. By so doing, it is believed that so much pressure will be taken off the man in the face of new realities and emerging changes in gender discourse.
Copyright (c) 2026 Francis Olabisi Jegede https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Àtúngbéyẹ̀wò Ìlò Àti Ìṣesí Àwọn Ọ̀rọ À-So-Ọ̀rọ̀-Pọ̀ Ní Èdè Yorùbá
Ninú gírámà èdè Yorùbá, àwọn onímọ̀ gírámà ṣe àkíyèsí pé àwọn ọ̀wọ́ ọ̀rọ̀ kan wà tí wọ́n máa ń lò láti fi so ọ̀rọ̀, àpólà tàbí gbólóhùn méjì pọ̀. Ẹnu kò lórí ọ̀rọ̀-àsopọ̀ ti ẹyọ ọ̀rọ̀ àti àpólà. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ọ̀wọ́ àwọn onímọ̀ kan náà tilẹ̀ sọ pé kò sí ohun tí a lè pè ní ọ̀rọ̀ àsopọ̀ tí ó ń so gbólòhùn pọ̀, àwọn onímọ̀ mìíràn sì gbà pé ó wà. Ohun tí a fẹ́ tẹpẹlẹmọ́ náà ni láti ṣàgbéyẹ̀wò ìlò ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-àsopọ̀ wọ̀nyí, kí a mọ iye wọn, àti àwọn òté tó de ìlò wọn nínú èdè Yorùbá. A ṣe àkójọ àwọn détà lóríṣìíríṣìí láti inú àwọn onírúurú ìwé ti wọ́n kọ lédè Yorùbá àti ọ̀rọ̀ ẹnu àṣàyàn àwọn tí ń sọ èdè Yorùbá. A kò ṣàmúlò tíọ̀rì kankan nínú iṣẹ́ yìí kí a lè walẹ̀ jìn lórí àpèjúwe ìṣesí àtì ìhùwàsí àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-àsopọ̀ wọ̀nyí. Ohun tí a ṣe ni pé, a ṣàpèjúwe ìlò àti ìṣesí àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-àsopọ̀ ni. A rí i pé ọ̀rọ̀-àsopọ̀ Yorùbá wà ní abẹ́ ìsọ̀rí wúnrẹ̀n aṣegírámà nítorí àwọn àbùdá ìsọ̀rí náà tó pinminrin sínú rẹ̀. Bí a bá gùnlé ìlò àti ìṣesí wọn, a lè pín ìsọ̀rí ọ̀rọ̀-àsopọ̀ Yorùbá sí ọ̀wọ́ méjì gbòòrò: àkọ́kọ́ ni ọ̀rọ̀-àsopọ̀ tí ó pín sí i: ọ̀rọ̀ a-so-ọ̀rọ̀/àpólà-pọ̀ àti ọ̀rọ̀ a-so-gbólóhùn-pọ̀. Èkejì ni ọ̀rọ̀-a-so-èjì-èrò-pọ̀ tàbí ọ̀rọ̀-asojú-sòdì-pọ̀/elérò ajárètí, ìsọ̀rí yìí náà pín sí: alábala méjì àti aláwẹ́ kan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olabode Thomas Abimbola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A pragmatic analysis of selected Ogba proverbs
The way to examine the rigorous ways that language is being utilized to pass across knowledge, culture, traditional values, and social norms within the Ogba community is the use of proverbs. This study will examine a pragmatic analysis of selected Ogba proverbs. The study will be guided by speech acts and Grice’s maxims theories. The analysis reveals that the proverbs carry secret meanings, subtleties in context, and communication goals. The research looks at the pragmatic roles that Ogba proverbs provide or play in our conversations and categorizes them according to their contextual meaning, like moral instructions, social values, and life lessons. The research applies qualitative and quantitative methods using a sample of 25 Ogba native speakers in its analysis, which is done by collecting data from native speakers. The findings show that the crucial aspect of provers in maintaining linguistic and cultural identity is very important, highlighting their enduring relevance in the present Ogba society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Stanley Ordu, Better Odukwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Language pedagogical cheers in tertiary institutions and its gloom on indigenous languages in Nigeria
The strength of English language usage among Nigerians who speak Yoruba, Igbo, Ikwere, Hausa, and Gwari was contrastively studied in the University of Ibadan, Imo State University, Rivers State University, Sokoto State University, and the University of Abuja (representing the zones in Nigeria). The research adopted descriptive survey design and three research questions were formulated for a guide with a population of 19,532 respondents and a sample size of 8,800 selected through purposive procedure, using Language Pedagogical Cheers in Tertiary Institutions and its Gloom on Indigenous Languages (LAPECTIGLOOM) with four-point modified Likert scale of strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly disagree, which was validated by experts in language studies, and measurement and evaluation from Federal College of Education (Tech.) Omoku is the instrument for data collection. The reliability of the instrument utilized the test-retest reliability technique, and a correlation coefficient of 0.87 was obtained. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the research questions, using SPSS version 20. The result of the study indicated that the English language is shifting the linguistic empathy of Nigerian bilinguals from the indigenous languages by modifications to achieve nativisation and acculturation to Nigerian concepts. The outcome shows that these modifications have challenged the prominence of indigenous languages as an L1, leading to a gradual loss of indigenous language relevance in Nigeria. The researcher, therefore, made recommendations on government policies, preservation force, and localization of discourses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christian Uchechukwu Gilbert https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tiv, one of the Bantoid languages spoken in Benue, Nassarawa, Taraba, Plateau states of Nigeria and Southern Cameroon, has tripartite connotations which it refers to a tribe, a language and an ancestral father. This study investigates various functions that interfixation performs in Tiv. This study adopts Hockett’s (1954) Item-and-Process Theory which explains the morphological composition of interfixal process in Tiv and how it changes simple words to complex words. Methodologically, this study souced data through primary (observation) and secondary sources. The secondary sources were obtained from journal articles, academic textbooks, dictionaries and encyclopaedias which boosted literature review of this study. The study used non-probability sampling procedure with a particular reference to deliberate sampling design. Data collection was done through personal observation in which words that have interfixes were jotted down, transcribed, grouped according to their formations and functions then analysed accordingly. The study revealed that Tiv interfixes have interfixed vowel ‘a’, syllable ‘-mba-’ and interfixed words. It has also been discovered that interfixed vowel, syllable and words are mostly found in compound words and triplications. It has also been found out that Tiv interfixes and infixes have their distinctive features. The study has also shown that Tiv interfixes express futurity (shall); perform the prepositional functions of ‘of’ and ‘with’; the plural morpheme ‘-mba’ with adjectival roots and plural nominal roots and formation of triplications in Tiv. This study is, therefore, recommended to: linguists that have interest in morphology, scholars who wish to investigate interfixation as an affixation process, students who may wish to write their projects, dissertations and theses on affixal processes and lecturers who may intend to write articles or books on word-formation processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Terfa Aor, Margaret Nguemo Iorember https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Akamaro k’Indirimbo mu Gutoza Kuvuga Neza no Kunguka Amuga mu Rubumbambaga Nyarwanda: Urungano n’Igipimo cy’Urukundo za Rugamba Cyprien
“Akamaro k’indirimbo mu gutoza kuvuga neza no kunguka amagambo mu rubumbabaga nyarwanda: Urungano n’igipimo cy’urukundo za Rugamba Cyprien” (The Impact of Songs in Teaching the Art of Speaking Well and Acquiring Vocabulary in Rwandan Society: Urungano and igipimo cy’urukundo by Rugamba Cyprien) is a study guided by the general objective of evaluating the contribution of songs in teaching effective public speaking and enriching vocabulary within the Rwandan community. To achieve the set objectives, we selected two literary works by Rugamba Cyprien: Urungano and igipimo cy’urukundo. The methodology used to analyze these works was based on a literary criticism approach known as ijoranyandiko. Following the selection of the case studies, we applied different methods—namely umunozo, ikeshamvugo, isesengurangingo, and isesengurantego—to support our literary analysis and help us reach our goals. Through the analysis, we found that these songs promote values such as love, peace, and harmonious living within Rwandan society. The results of our study confirmed that the objectives were successfully met. Indeed, Rugamba Cyprien significantly contributed to fostering a culture of love, peace, and tolerance among Rwandans. This is clearly reflected in both songs, where the author emphasizes that love is fundamental to human relationships. One of the recommendations drawn from our findings is that students should form clubs dedicated to promoting Cyprien Rugamba’s literary works within Rwandan society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sosthene Ntibanyurwa, Emmanuel Hakizimana, Immaculee Irankunda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Isesengurampamvu ku Bushakashatsi Bukorwa mu Kinyarwanda: Urugero rwa Kibogora Polytechnic
Ubu bushakashatsi bwiswe “Isesengurampamvu ku Bushakashatsi Bukorwa mu Kinyarwanda: Urugero rwa Kibogora Polytechnic bushingiye ku ntego yo gusesengura impamvu zituma abanyeshuri bahitamo gukora ubushakashatsi mu ndimi z’amahanga kandi bigira kubona Impamyabushobozi mu Cyongereza n’Ikinyarwanda n’Uburezi. Iyi nyigo igamije gutanga umusanzu mu kurushaho kunoza imyigishirize y’Ikinyarwanda ndetse no gutanga inama ku bantu batinya gukora ubushakashatsi mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda. Uburyo nyamubaro ni bwo bwakoreshejwe mu gukusanya amakuru, aho ibibazo byanditse byakoreshejwe nk’igikoresho k’ikusanyamakuru. Amakuru yifashishijwe yatanzwe n’abakeshwamakuru bo mu ishuri rikuru ryigenga rya Kibogora Polytechnic, ryatoranyijwe ku buryo bw’umuhuro. Itsinda nshingirwaho ryari rigabanyije mu byiciro bibiri, aho irya mbere ryari rigizwe n’abanyeshuri 462 bamaze kwandika, aho muri bo hifashishijwe itsinda nkeshwamakuru ringana n’abanyeshuri 51; hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushakana, naho irya kabiri rikaba ryari rigizwe n’abanyeshuri 836 bageze mu myaka ibiri isoza, bitegura kwandika, aho havuyemo itsinda nkeshwamakuru ringana n’abanyeshuri 92. Ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje impamvu z’ingenzi zituma abanyeshuri batitabira gukora mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda kandi Impamyabushobozi zabo ziba ziriho Icyongereza n’Ikinyarwanda, harimo ibura ry’inyandiko zifashishwa ziri mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda, kuba isomo ryo gukora ubushakashatsi ryigishwa mu rurimi rw’amahanga, ubujyanama n’ubwunganizi budahagije, ndetse no kuba hari abemeza ko nubwo baba barahisemo kwiga Ikinyarwanda, kirimo amasomo akomeye nk’ubutinde n’amasaku atavugwaho rumwe n’abantu batandukanye. Ubu bushakashatsi butanga inama yo guhugura abarimu n’abanyeshuri ku byerekeye ubushakashatsi mu Kinyarwanda, bukanagaragaza amuga yakoreshwa mu nyandiko z’ubushakashatsi. Bunagira kandi inama kaminuza zigisha impuzo y’Icyongereza n’Ikinyarwanda, yo gutegura imbumbanyigisho y’ubushakashatsi iri mu Kinyarwanda, ikigishwa mu rwego rwo gufasha abanyeshuri kwisanzura mu rurimi bifuza gukoramo inyandiko zabo z’ubushakashatsi igihe barangiza ikiciro bahererwamo impamyabushobozi.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniel Ndahimana, Jean Prosper Bagaragaza, Crispine Hahirwuwizera, Agnes Uwizeyimana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This research work titled ‘Kuɗi a Mahangar Karin Magana’ was a research based on Hausa Oral Literature. The research was aimed at bringing out the philosophical thoughts of the Hausa People in relation to money. In Hausaland and beyond, life and money are inseparable, and therefore, money is very important in human existence. It was because of its value in the entire life that it was portrayed in some Hausa popular proverbs. The research shows the influence of money on the day-to-day activities of a Hausa man. It also shows how some people make use of money positively in assisting others. The research findings show how wealthy people in the society assist the poor and the needy..It also reveals how a rich man perceived himself and how he is equally perceived by others. Hausa people have changed their societal values and redirected them towards money, thus neglecting moral values such as honesty, integrity, and others. It shows that acquiring money is not by hard work, dedication, but by God’s will. The research employed the use of Hausa Proverbs to bring out the philosophical thought of the Hausa man in relation to money. This research was based on the Referential Theory of Culture. In conclusion to this study, a summary of the work, findings, and recommendations to scholars who are interested in researching this area was given.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Salihu, Ahmed Yusuf Doma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Uruhare rw'itorero mu kwimakaza imikoreshereze y’imvugo iboneye y’ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda mu kiciro cya kabiri cy’amashuri yisumbuye mu burezi bw’ibanze bw’u Rwanda
This study examined how Itorero programs may enhance Kinyarwanda language expression in Advanced-level students in Rwanda’s basic education system in some selected schools of Nyanza district. It was prompted by concerns over the frequent misuse and lack of proficiency in Kinyarwanda among secondary school learners. Like all languages globally, Kinyarwanda has established norms for proper usage. Rooted in Rwandan tradition, Itorero is a unique civic and cultural education program and was seen as a valuable platform for promoting correct language use and fostering responsible citizenship. The research was carried out in selected schools within the Nyanza District of the Southern Province at College du Christ roi Nyanza and GS HVP Gatagara, using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Participants included students, teachers, school administrators, especially Itorero facilitators under Minubumwe and Mineduc. Itorero facilitators, who provided data through questionnaires and interviews. In total, 102 students and 65 leaders, teachers, and Itorero facilitators contributed to the study. The research sought to examine how Itorero supports the use of appropriate language, understand facilitators' approaches to teaching Kinyarwanda, and highlight the importance of language proficiency in Rwanda’s advanced secondary education. The study also emphasized the role of Rwandan culture, which encompasses beliefs, clothing, dances, language use in shaping Kinyarwanda language use, national identity and unity, and development. It pointed out that Kinyarwanda is not limited to Rwanda but is also spoken in neighboring regions impacted by colonial-era boundaries. However, the growing influence of foreign languages and the neglect of linguistic traditions have weakened the authenticity of Kinyarwanda communication. Kinyarwanda can be a global language. Therefore, the research centered on the relationship between language and Itorero as a way to revive and strengthen the proper use of Kinyarwanda among today’s students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pierre Niyibigira; Innocent Twagirimana, Theogene Sekarama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Awareness of an autonomous “Ikinyanshinga” in Kinyarwanda
An autonomous “ikinyanshinga” has been revealed before by some researchers, and it is among the word categories in the Kinyarwanda language grammar. Scholars have described language patterns in Kinyarwanda, however, they still have not explored much more about the confusion that mostly arises between autonomous and some other parts of speech. this marks the objective of this study. To tie this break, this study applies Saussure's structuralism theory to identify the criteria based on when classifying words in Kinyarwanda. A purposive sampling technique was adopted, and convenience sampling was used for the online questionnaire. By using a comparative analysis with diverse reading materials and findings from respondents, this study exposes deep insights into autonomous misunderstanding and confusion with a conjugated verb. Accordingly, this study made us take time and discover all about this word class in Kinyarwanda, while addressing the question of word class formation in Kinyarwanda grammar, and determining the conditions that allow a given word to be put in any word class or part of speech. Recommendations were given to the language development and language planification, for the purpose of facilitating a holistic understanding of the Kinyarwanda language to fill a critical space in Kinyarwanda grammar analysis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniel Ndahimana , Francois Xavier Sibomana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The language of conflict: a semiotic analysis of Yorùbá songs
This study investigates the role of language in propagating conflict through a semiotic analysis of Yorùbá songs, looking at Yorùbá proverb, political songs, and religious songs, uncovering the fundamental power elements, belief systems, and implications that shape the talk of hardship. This research accedes that language could be pivotal in sustaining struggle if misused and reveals how language, images, and social references are utilized to develop, propagate, and arrange conflicts. This study uses semiotics as its hypothetical establishment to investigate and decipher struggle-related Yorùbá precepts, political songs, and religious songs. This study uncovered the hidden power of designs, belief systems, and implications that impact our cognizance of contention and correspondence. Through a basic verbal expression, this study reveals how language is utilized to make and propagate conflict, furthermore, it pinpoints open doors for more useful and serene correspondence methodologies. The study's discoveries highlight the significant impacts of language on friendly attachment, uncovering that delicate language can diffuse strains and advance tranquil goals. This exploration outlines the huge impact of language on struggle acceleration and de-heightening, focusing on the significance of smart correspondence in building a more agreeable and serene society. By selecting words cautiously, we can establish a climate that empowers grasping, compassion, and valuable compromise, prompting more grounded, tougher networks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taofiq Saadu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Imbogamizi mu myigire n’imyigishirize yo gusoma Ikinyarwanda mu mwaka wa gatatu w’amashuri abanza yo mu Rwanda
This research has the purpose of pointing out the challenges that are found in learning and teaching reading Kinyarwanda and the favorable ways that can be used in clearing reading of Kinyarwanda in lower primary three. In selecting the respondents of this study, the purposive sampling method was used, where eight teachers who teach Kinyarwanda in the third year of primary school and four school administrators responsible for the curriculum were chosen. In total, twelve participants were involved in the study. To demonstrate the methods used by lower primary three teachers during teaching to read the Kinyarwanda language, to show the obstacles faced by lower primary three learners during learning and of reading the Kinyarwanda language, to show challenges faced by lower primary three teachers during teaching to read the Kinyarwanda language. The obstacles faced by Kinyarwanda teachers during teaching to read, this study has shown that there are insufficient books, parental influence, the influence of school leaders, the teachers who didn’t study Kinyarwanda as well as the ways it is taught, the learners who are promoted in primary three unaware of differentiating vowels and consonants and others. Referring to the findings from respondents recommend the increasing of Kinyarwanda reading books, especially in lower primary schools. Furthermore, the number of libraries in schools must be increased, as well as changing Kinyarwanda's essay to audiovisual to be kept and used by using technology. The teachers of Kinyarwanda in lower primary should be given different training about teaching Kinyarwanda reading skills.
Copyright (c) 2025 Theogene Sekarama , Dr. Innocent Twagirimana, Jules Bayavuge https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This study explores Case Semantics in linguistics, specifically in the Swahili language. The concept of Case Semantics deals with how noun phrases function in a sentence and its relation to the verb. Case Semantics is integral in everyday language use and many at times language users encounter it unconsciously. The concept of case semantics coincides with many areas of linguistics such as; Semantics, syntax, phonology, and even morphology. The main focus of this study are; to explicit the concept of case semantics in Kiswahili according to different scholars and linguists with our inputs factored in, to highlight the types of case semantics that exist in the Kiswahili language, and finally to explain their importance and recommendations. The main data used is secondary data that was collected from library and online articles. Questionnaires and interviews were also used to obtain sufficient data to justify the outcome of this study. The types of case semantics that were identified are the; agent, patient, instrument, result, force, goal, cause, location, range, and material case semantics. This study outcome proves case semantics as an important concept in learning language skills in a way that; it enables the language user to recognize the importance of the case semantics in Swahili language, to know its correct use, and thus avoid its incorrect use. In addition, the identification of the case helps the scholar and language researcher to know other language concepts that are close or related to case semantics such as clauses and phrases. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Utafiti huu unaangazia Uhusika katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Dhana ya uhusika ni dhana inayopambanua majukumu ya nomino katika sentensi na uhusiano wake na vitenzi. Watumizi wa lugha wanatagusana na kutumia uhusika kwenye sehemu kubwa ya matamshi na maandishi ya lugha kila siku na wakati bila hata kutambua. Dhana ya uhusika inajipenyeza kwenye mawanda mengi ya isimu kama vile; Semantiki, sintaksia, fonolojia na hata mofolojia. Utafiti huu unaazimia kufafanua maana ya dhana ya uhusika kulingana na wanaisimu mbalimbali mchango wetu ukiwemo, kuweka wazi aina za uhusika ambao unapatikana katika lugha ya Kiswahili na mwisho kabisa kueleza umuhimu wa uhusika katika lugha ya Kiswahili pamoja na mapendekezo. Data msingi iliyotumiwa kwenye utafiti huu ni data ya sekondari ambayo ilitafitiwa maktabani na kwenye makala ya mitandaoni. Hojaji na dodosa pia zilitumiwa ili kupata data ya kutosheleza kutetea matokeo ya utafiti huu. Aina ya uhusika ambao ulitambuliwa na kushughulikiwa ni pamoja na uhusika wa mtenda, mtendwa, mtendewa, ala, tokeo, nguvu, lengo, chanzo, mahali, mapito na malighafi. Matokeo yanabaini kuwa uhusika una umuhimu mkubwa sana kwenye stadi ya isimu kama vile; Kumwezesha mtumizi wa lugha kutambua uhusika ulioko kwenye lugha ya Kiswahili, kujua matumizi yake sahihi na hivyo kuepuka kuutumia visivyo. Zaidi ya haya yote, utambuzi wa uhusika humsaidia msomi na mtafiti wa lugha kujua istilahi na dhana zingine za lugha ambazo zinaambatana ama kukaribiana na uhusika kama vile virai na vishazi.
Copyright (c) 2024 Igunza Onzere, Faraja Kristomus Lugome, Mendong Margaret https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Umumaro w’Ibisigo by’Ubuse: Indyoheshabirayi ya Myr Alexis Kagame
Alexis Kagame is a strong pillar of Rwandan literary writers and poets in Rwanda. He wrote many literary works and varied in genres although he seemed to focus on poetry and philosophy. His poems include Inganji Karinga, Isoko y’amajyambere, Umulilimbyi wa Nyilibiremwa. He also compiled others’ works, for example Iyo wiriwe nta rungu and Icara nkumare irungu. Alexis Kagame is the one who developed tangibly a satirical poetry in Rwandan literature. Long time ago, Rwandans had their style of teaching, punishing and advising their descendants through different literary works especially oral literature. They used different techniques such as gestures, body language and language using proverbs, poems and songs, tongue tuisters, and others but orally. The general objective of this paper is to find out the contribution of poems of Alexis Kagame to Rwandan culture in his poem Indyoheshabirayi. As far as the methodology is concerned, the study used literary criticism techniques to help the researcher in literary analysis and find out the contribution of Indyoheshabirayi to the Rwandan culture. The findings of the study revealed that poems contribute to the improvement of Rwandan culture. The way the pig was considered and how it was called as allegorical meaning with wrong and bad names is the evidence of its contribution to Rwandan culture and how the poet Alexis Kagame has contributed to Rwandan culture. The results of this research showed that the chiefs were cool and full of happiness rather than being angry at the use of satire found in Indyoheshabirayi.
Indyoheshabirayi, literature, poetry, satirical poetry, Rwandan culture
Copyright (c) 2024 Sosthene Ntibanyurwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ekwumekwu na Ndụ Ndị Igbo: Amụmamụ Agwa Maazị Obijiọfọ n’Ụkpana Okpoko Buuru T. U. Ubesie
The study delved into the oratory and rhetorics of Mr. Ọbijiọfọ in Ụkpana Okpoko Buuru as an ancient, and integral part of Igbo People’s way of life. The objective of the study is to expose the corrupt practices in the present society, where falsehood has eaten deep into the fibre in the life of people, as way of promoting oratory and rhetorics as well as adding to the knowledge bank of this nature. The study is carried out in literature and in Ụkpana Okpoko Buuru as Igbo literary work. Other places where the data for the study were gathered from includes, library, internet, where views of other scholars about the key words in the topic were collected and reviewed. Marxism which anchored in the class division between peoples in their relationship is adopted for analysis of the study. The findings of the study revealed that oratory and rhetorics are very important because they are keys to unlock peoples’ minds. It is also a two edged sword whose owner should handle with care as s/he is at the mercy of the people at the opposition camp, who want to find fault with s/he on the process of expressing the act of oratory and rhetorics. The orator makes enemy for himself or herself on the process of playing his or her role in the process of addressing the people. The study would be beneficial to the general public, mostly to the teachers, students, and would be researchers in oratory, character, and literature.
Copyright (c) 2024 Charles Azubuike Nneke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Uenezi na Changamoto za Kiswahili Nchini Burundi
Abstract: Despite being the second most spoken foreign language in Burundi, Kiswahili is still given little attention compared to French and English. This study therefore aimed to investigate the spread of Kiswahili in Burundi by highlighting the challenges and factors that led to its spread in the country. Primary and secondary data were used in this study where primary data were collected through interviews. In addition, a population of 41 respondents was made up of Kiswahili teachers at universities and residents of the provinces of Rumonge, Makamba, Muyinga and the economic city of Bujumbura. This study which was conducted in Burundi revealed that Kiswahili spread in Burundi thanks to religion, immigration, the arrival of Arabs, colonialism, regional cooperation, war, business, education, marriage, border interactions and media. Although Kiswahili is taught from primary school to universities and the presence of associations to promote it, this study revealed that the history of Burundi, shortage of teachers and books, misconceptions, language policy and social classes are among the challenges that hinder the rapid development of the language. This study concluded by recommending the wide use of the language in different sectors and carrying out researches on the current status of Kiswahili in Burundi. IKISIRI: Licha ya umaarufu wa kuwa lugha ya pili ya kigeni inayozungumzwa sana nchini Burundi, Kiswahili bado kinapewa nafasi ndogo sana ikilinganishwa na Kifaransa na Kiingereza. Hivyo, utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza hali ya Kiswahili nchini Burundi kwa kuangazia changamoto na sababu zilizopelekea kusambaa kwa lugha hiyo ya kigeni nchini humo. Data za uwandani na data za marejeleo zilitumika katika utafiti huu ambapo data za uwandani zilikusanywa kwa njia ya usaili. Aidha, sampuli ya watafitiwa 41 iliundwa na walimu wa Kiswahili vyuo vikuu na wenyeji wa mikoa ya Rumonge, Makamba, Muyinga na jiji la Bujumbura. Utafiti huu ambao ulifanyika nchini Burundi ulibaini kuwa Kiswahili kilisambaa Burundi kutokana na dini, uhamiaji, ujio wa Waarabu, ukoloni, ushirikiano wa kikanda, vita, biashara, elimu, ndoa, maingiliano ya mpakani na vyombo vya habari. Licha ya Kiswahili kufundishwa kuanzia elimu ya msingi hadi vyuo vikuu na uwepo wa vyama vya kukiendeleza, utafiti huu ulibaini kuwa historia ya Burundi, uhaba wa walimu na vitabu, mitazamo potofu, sera ya lugha na matabaka ya kiuchumi ni miongoni mwa changamoto zinazotatiza maendeleo ya lugha hiyo. Utafiti huu unahitimisha kwa kupendekeza matumizi mapana ya lugha hiyo katika nyanja zote na kufanya utafiti wa kina kuhusu mafanikio ya Kiswahili nchini Burundi.
Copyright (c) 2023 Enock Havyarimana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Semantikong Histo-Sikolohikal na Pag-aaral: Piling Balbal na Salita ng mga Batang Gen-Z sa General Malvar St., Siyudad Davao
Abstract: The changes happening in the Filipino language have brought significant effects. One result is the emergence of colloquial language, which is dominant among today's youth. Users of this language cannot be stopped from using online platforms like Facebook and others. Furthermore, there continuedly growing preference for this language among its users. To understand and analyze the colloquial words used by GenZ youth in Davao City in Barangay Malvar, a semantic histo-sociolinguistic framework has been employed. The aim is to categorize and document the meaning and etymology of these words. The research methodology used a qualitative and descriptive approach and conducted interviews through social networking platforms or instant messaging applications, particularly Messenger. The researcher use convenience sampling to collect data from GenZ aged sixteen (16) to twenty-three (23) whose willing and capable to participate and interview. Through the conducted analysis, the colloquial language has been categorized into the following: derived from the native language, borrowed from foreign languages, introduces new meanings, and more. This study revealed the positive reasons behind the development of colloquial language, which is a notable invention of GenZers. It also explores how the traditions and culture of a society influence its creation. Colloquial languages serve as a medium for young people to connect with. On the other hand, it is essential to observe that these languages also bring negative effects to almost all aspects of society. The Filipino language is particularly affected by these changes, and the learning of formal languages by the youth in macro skills is at risk. Abstrak: Dulot ng pagbabagong nagaganap sa wikang Filipino. Nabuo ang wikang balbal na siyang namayani sa kabataan ngayon, hindi mapigilan ang gumagamit nito sa online na plataporma tulad ng Facebook atbp. Patuloy ang pagtangkilik ng mga gumagamit. Ang semantiko histo-sosyolohikal na batayan ang pantulong upang masipat at masuri ang mga GenZ na gumagamit ng salitang balbal sa siyudad ng Davao, Brgy Malvar. Layong maikategorya, at maitala ang kahulugan at etimolohiya ng mga salitang na kalap. Kwalitatibo ang ginamit at deskriptibo na pamamaraan ang isinagawa. Nagsagawa ng interbyu ang mananaliksik gamit ang mga online partikyular ang messenger. Ginamit ang convenience sampling sa pangongolekta ng datos sa mga respondenteng GenZ at may edad labing anim (16) hanggang apat napo’t tatlong (23) taong gulang na libre at may kakayahang sumagot sa panayam. Sa isinagawang pagsusuri, naikategorya ang wikang balbal sa mga sumusunod; hango sa wikang katutubo; hiram sa wikang banyaga; nagbibigay ng bagong kahulugan atbp. Ang pag-aaral na ito ay nagpakita ng mga positibong epekto ng ebolusyon ng slang, ang pag-imbento ng sikat na GenZer, at ipinakita kung paano naiimpluwensyahan ng mga panlipunang tradisyon at kultura ang pagkamalikhain. Ang balbal ay isang midyum ng komunikasyon sa pagitan ng mga kabataang nasa parehong edad. Halos lahat ng aspeto ng lipunan ay apektado. Ang wikang Filipino ay higit na naapektuhan ng pagbabagong ito, na nagdudulot ng panganib sa pagkatuto ng mga kabataan ng opisyal na wika gamit ang mga macroskills.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Indigenous Languages https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0