Advanced Research in Medical and Health Sciences
Advanced Research in Medical and Health Sciences (ARMHS) with ISSN: 2960-0766 (Print) 2960-0774 (Online), is an international double-blinded peer-review, and open-access scientific journal. ARMHS publishes practical, clinical, translational, and experimental research. The journal aims to accept and publish original articles towards contributing to scientific knowledge in the area of medical and health sciences. There is NO Submission Fee, Processing Fee, or Publication Fee for ARMHS.
Mental health stigma, health locus of control, and optimistic bias as predictors of treatment-seeking behaviour among health workers in Akwa Ibom State
In Nigeria, reluctance among healthcare workers to seek mental health support remains a major concern, often driven by stigma and cognitive biases. While previous studies have examined these factors separately, limited research has explored their combined predictive influence. This study investigated the extent to which mental health stigma, health locus of control, and optimistic bias predict treatment-seeking behaviour among healthcare professionals in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted with 323 participants, including doctors, nurses, community health extension workers, and social workers, selected through multistage sampling across public, missionary, and private health facilities. Standardized instruments were employed: the Stigma-9 Questionnaire (STIG-9), Health Locus of Control Scale (HLoC), Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), and the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form (ATSPPH-SF). Data were analyzed using simple and multiple regression. Findings revealed that mental health stigma significantly predicted treatment-seeking behaviour (β = .20, p < .001), indicating that stigma reduces willingness to seek help. Optimistic bias also significantly predicted treatment-seeking (β = .21, p < .001), suggesting that moderate optimism enhances proactive help-seeking. However, health locus of control showed no significant predictive effect. Collectively, the predictors accounted for 11% of the variance in treatment-seeking behaviour (R = .33, R² = .11, F (3, 319) = 12.78, p < .05). The study concludes that stigma and optimistic bias are key predictors of treatment-seeking among healthcare workers, while locus of control plays a limited role. It recommends institutional strategies to reduce stigma, promote healthy optimism, and foster positive mental health attitudes to improve workers’ well-being and service outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mbuotidem Ekerette, Mfon Effiong Ineme, Otu Okon Essien, Moses Imbur, Oluyemi Atibioke, Emmanuel Akov, Ekerette Emmanuel Ekerette, Emmanuel Gboyega Abikoye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Translation of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) in Ibibio language
This study focused on the translation and cross-validation of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) into the Ibibio language to enhance its cultural relevance for psychological assessments in Nigeria. A rigorous forward–backward translation process was employed, involving nine experts including bilingual translators and psychologists, to ensure linguistic and conceptual equivalence. The validation phase used a cross-sectional survey design in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, with 399 participants purposively sampled for being bilingual in English and Ibibio, residing in Uyo Metropolis, and mentally stable. Participants included students (34.6%), civil servants (32.1%), and the general population (33.3%), with ages ranging from 18 to 65 years (M = 37). Instruments administered were the Ibibio-translated EPQ-R, the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Psychometric evaluation revealed robust indices of reliability and validity. Cronbach’s alpha values for the major scales were Extraversion (α = 0.86), Neuroticism (α = 0.88), and Psychoticism (α = 0.65), while the Lie scale yielded 0.64. Content validity was confirmed by clinical psychology experts using a 5-point Likert scale. Convergent validity was established through correlations with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, while divergent validity was supported by its relationship with the LOT-R. Factor analysis further confirmed the retention of the original EPQ-R factor structure. The study concludes that the Ibibio-translated EPQ-R is a reliable and culturally sensitive instrument suitable for personality assessment among Ibibio speakers, with applications in clinical diagnosis, research, and education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aniedi Peter Etuk, James Robson Sunday, Dorothy J. Okoro, Usen, K. Bassey, Usen, E. Inyang, Otu, O. Essien, Mfon E. Ineme, Akpan Wilson, Gboyega E. Abikoye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Coping styles and relapse rates among patients with substance-induced psychotic disorders
Substance-induced psychotic disorders (SIPDs) are marked by high relapse rates, presenting ongoing challenges to mental health recovery. While considerable research has explored clinical and pharmacological predictors of relapse, the role of psychological variables particularly coping strategies has received less attention. This study investigated the relationship between coping styles and relapse frequency among patients diagnosed with SIPDs in Nigeria. Participants were 252 inpatients and outpatients (63% male), aged 20–59 years (M = 38.26; SD = 8.41), drawn from two Neuropsychiatric hospitals in southern Nigeria. They completed the Brief-COPE Inventory and provided relapse history data obtained through clinical records and self-report. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using SPSS v22.0. Results revealed that the multiple regression model was statistically significant, F(3, 248) = 33.89, p < .001, accounting for approximately 29% of the variance in relapse frequency (Adjusted R² = .28). Problem-focused coping significantly predicted lower relapse frequency (β = –.21, p = .003), indicating a protective effect. Avoidant coping significantly predicted higher relapse frequency (β = .37, p < .001), identifying it as a key risk factor. These findings suggest that coping mechanisms, especially avoidant strategies, significantly influence relapse risk among individuals with SIPDs. The study emphasizes the need for psychosocial interventions that promote adaptive coping as part of relapse prevention strategies in clinical settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chidinma C.Onyeagba, Abraham T. Naibo, Chineye Fabian Adili-George, Uwemedimo S. Isaiah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Work engagement factors and their relationships with job performance among personnel of the Nigerian security agencies
This study examined work engagement factors (role clarity, personal growth initiative, perceived job fit) and their relationships with job performance among personnel of the Nigeria security agencies in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A total of 314 security officers, comprising personnel of the Nigeria Police Force (NPF), Department of State Services (DSS), and Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC), were selected through purposive sampling. The participants' ages ranged from 22 to 50 years, with a mean age of 35.4 years. The instruments used to gather data were the Short Version of the Self-Assessment Scale of Job Performance, the Role Clarity Scale, the Personal Growth Initiative Scale, and the Person-Job Fit Scale. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that role clarity significantly predicted job performance (β = .42; p < .05), while personal growth initiative also had a significant positive impact on job performance (β = .35; p < .05). Additionally, perceived job fit was found to significantly influence job performance (β = .33; p < .05). The study concluded that role clarity, personal growth initiative, and perceived job fit are significant predictors of job performance among personnel of the Nigerian security agencies. It is recommended that security organizations adopt a comprehensive approach to personnel management which should integrate clear job roles, opportunities for personal growth, and aligning job roles with personnel’s skills and interests.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hannah Archibong, Okon Umoren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Psychosocial factors as predictors of pre-surgery anxiety among patients awaiting surgery in selected hospitals in Akwa Ibom State
Pre-surgery anxiety remains a significant psychological concern among patients scheduled for surgery, with implications for recovery, treatment outcomes, and patient compliance. In many clinical contexts, including Nigeria, the psychological preparation of patients is often overlooked, with medical professionals focusing more on physiological stability than mental readiness. This study investigated psychosocial factors as predictors of pre-surgery anxiety among patients awaiting surgery in selected hospitals in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A total of 152 in-patients (101 males [66.4%] and 51 females [33.6%]), aged 20 to 51 years (M = 39.3), were purposively selected from surgical wards of the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital and St. Luke’s Hospital, Anua. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Four standardized psychological instruments were used: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire, and the State Sub-scale of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Y-1). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that self-esteem (β = .345; p < .05), perceived social support (β = .427; p < .05), and religiosity (β = .285; p < .05) significantly and positively predicted pre-surgery anxiety. Collectively, the psychosocial variables jointly predicted pre-surgical anxiety (F(5,147) = 6.975, p < .001), accounting for a meaningful variance in anxiety levels among patients. The implications of these findings highlight the need for preoperative psychological screening and interventions that address patients’ self-perception, social environments, and religious coping mechanisms. Healthcare professionals should be trained to recognize psychosocial risk factors and integrate supportive counseling into routine pre-surgical care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Uwemedimo Isaiah, Mfon Ineme, Paulina Akpan-Idiok, Chineye Adili-George , Samson Ogwuche, Emmanuel Abiama, Gboyega Abikoye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
How coping strategy bridges the gap: Self-efficacy as a key to treatment adherence
Chronic illness management often requires long-term adherence to treatment regimens, yet many patients struggle to maintain consistent adherence. While there is substantial evidence on the role of self-efficacy in promoting adherence, less is known about how coping strategies influence this relationship. This study investigated the mediating role of coping strategies in the relationship between self-efficacy and treatment adherence among chronic patients in Nigeria. Participants were 398 chronic patients (62% female), aged 21-65 years (M = 54.71; SD = 9.45), with conditions including hypertension (37%), dyslipidemia (31%), diabetes (20%), and COPD (12%). They responded to the Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale, the Brief-COPE Inventory, and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Following the mediation framework proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986), a series of regression analyses were conducted. Results of data analysis showed that self-efficacy was significantly associated with treatment adherence ((B = 0.58, β = .42, p < .001). Coping strategies were significantly associated with treatment adherence (B = 0.47, β = .38, p < .001). Findings also indicated that coping strategies served as a pathway through which self-efficacy was linked to adherence (B = 0.28, β = .18, p < .001). These findings suggest that adaptive coping strategies not only directly improve adherence but also enhance self-efficacy, which further promotes adherence. The study highlights the importance of addressing both coping strategies and self-efficacy in interventions aimed at improving treatment adherence among chronic patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Uwemedimo Sunday Isaiah, Abraham Terfa Naibo, Emekubong Nathan Udookuk, Mbuotidem Emmanuel Ekerette, Samson Ogwuche https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Cannabis sativa extract modulates pain sensitivity in albino wistar rats: Gender and dose considerations
The increasing prevalence of cannabis use, specifically among young people seeking relief from pain, has generated both public health concern and scientific curiosity. Despite anecdotal claims and preliminary findings suggesting analgesic effects of cannabis, there remains a notable dearth in rigorous experimental studies investigating its efficacy, dosage implications, gender-related differences and time interval administrations in pain response. Existing studies often overlooks the detailed relationship between dosage, sex, and neurobehavioral outcomes in controlled experimental settings. To address this dearth, this study examined the effects of cannabis extract on pain sensitivity using an animal model. Twenty-four albino Wistar rats (12 males, 12 females; 100g weight) were maintained under controlled conditions (30±2°C, 12hr light/dark cycles) in a completely randomized design experiment. Approved Cannabis sativa was homogenized and administered in three treatment groups (n=8 each) with three replicates. Pain sensitivity was assessed using a Thomas Scientific hot plate, while memory recognition was evaluated through object recognition tests, employing a pretest-posttest design. ANOVA results demonstrated significant effects of cannabis on pain sensitivity (p<0.05), with sex differences also influencing outcomes. The findings suggest that controlled, low-dose cannabis administration under medical supervision may offer therapeutic potential for severe pain management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Uwemedimo Sunday Isaiah, Emmanuel Ekpedoho Abiama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of drug abuse in Nigeria: New insights, innovative surveillance, and promising interventions
Drug abuse remains a pressing public health concern in Nigeria, with increasing prevalence among adolescents and young adults. Recent reports from the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) indicate that over 14.4% of the Nigerian populations (approximately 14.3 million people aged 15–64 years) have used psychoactive substances other than alcohol and tobacco, a rate significantly higher than the global average of 5.6%. Cannabis, tramadol, codeine, cocaine, and methamphetamine remain the most commonly abused substances, with cannabis accounting for nearly 10.8% of all cases. This study presents an in-depth analysis of drug abuse in Nigeria, highlighting emerging trends, socio-economic drivers, and the effectiveness of surveillance mechanisms. We employ a mixed-method approach using secondary data from NDLEA annual reports (2017–2023), WHO health statistics, and field surveys conducted across Lagos, Kano, and Rivers states. Findings reveal a disturbing rise in non-medical use of prescription opioids (especially tramadol above 200 mg dosage), linked to mental health issues, unemployment, and peer pressure. Innovative surveillance tools such as big data analytics, mobile health (mHealth) reporting systems, and AI-driven early warning networks are explored as promising solutions for real-time monitoring of drug consumption patterns. Furthermore, the article evaluates promising interventions, including community-based rehabilitation programs, ICT-driven awareness campaigns, and policy reforms that align with Nigeria’s National Drug Control Master Plan (2021–2025). The study concludes that integrating data-driven surveillance systems with holistic prevention and rehabilitation strategies will provide a sustainable framework to curb drug abuse in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olarewaju Peter Ayeoribe, Olaitan Akinsanmi, Iyiola Victor Ayeoribe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
COVID-19 impact on divorce and family dynamics in the social media age
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted divorce rates and family dynamics worldwide, presenting unprecedented challenges for couples and families. This rapid review paper aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on marriage relationships and family well-being in the social media age. Employing a rapid review methodology, existing literature on the influence of COVID-19 on divorce rates, family dynamics, and social media was synthesized. Key factors such as socioeconomic disparities, cultural norms, and access to support services were identified as drivers of variations in divorce rates and family dynamics during the pandemic. The study revealed a range of stressors faced by families, including increased financial strain, housing insecurity, and changes in communication patterns. Recommendations were made for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders to collaborate on developing guidelines to support families in the post-pandemic recovery phase. By understanding the complex interplay of factors influencing marriage and family dynamics during crises, specific measures can be implemented to build resilience, promote positive outcomes, and enhance the well-being of families. This study serves as a call to action to prioritize family support and intervention programs to help families navigate the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joshua Ebere Chukwuere, Goodness Chinazor Joshua Chukwuere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessing the effects of medical brain drain on the Nigerian healthcare sector among residents of Jos, Plateau States, Nigeria
The study explored the effects of loss of medical talents on the Nigerian health industry among residents of Jos, Plateau States, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the investigation are to find out the root causes of medical brain drain, effects, and challenges of brain exodus in the Nigerian health sector. The study adopted the mixed research approach. Quantitative surveys and key informant interviews were adopted to collect data from 256 respondents through purposive sampling techniques. Findings showed that the poor state of facilities in the country’s healthcare system is a push factor for health practitioners to leave Nigeria. Specifically, the study revealed that the causes of medical brain drain include inadequate and poor service delivery, the ineffectiveness of the policy/regulatory measures put in place, insecurity, corruption, the deplorable state of medical facilities and equipment in the country and poor remuneration as well as non-payment of salaries/non-implementation of new salaries pronouncement by government. Further, the study revealed that the movement of medical practitioners out of Nigeria is causing the country huge financial losses and slow advancement in the country’s healthcare system. The issues of medical brain drain have negatively impacted the Nigerian healthcare sector.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bernard Diesuk Lucas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Tiger nut and vocal folds healing education: Epithelization and histological investigations
This study investigated lead (Pb) metal intoxication and the ameliorating effects of tiger nuts and vitamin C (Vit C) on the vocal folds as a means of vocal education for theater performers. Lead is a component of paints, batteries, water pipelines, and lubricants for agricultural equipment and automobiles. It enters the body through plant-based edibles, lead-contaminated air, and water. Its versatility and ability to withstand corrosion, its residential and industrial applications, ignite public health concerns to humans and animals as it bioaccumulates. The antioxidant and radical-scavenging properties of Tiger nuts informed this study. Thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats, 150-200 g body weight, were categorized into six groups (n=6) for the study. Control (Distilled water only), Lead (40 mg/kg only), Low Tiger Nut + Lead (TN 5 mL/kg) + Pb (40 mg/kg), Medium Tiger Nut + Lead (TN10 mL/kg) + Pb (40 mg/kg), High Tiger Nut + Lead (TN 20 mL/kg) + Pb (40 mg/kg), vit C (200 mg/kg) + Pb (40 mg/kg). All administrations were done through oral gavage for 14 days. Thereafter, the rats were weighed, sacrificed, and vocal folds dissected out for histological analysis. In comparison to the control and other treatment groups, the Lead group (Pb) had squamous epithelial metaplasia, hyperplasia, ulceration, and mucosal inflammation of the vocal fold. Epithelization in the Tiger Nut-treated group increased with dose, while the vitamin C group (vit C), had considerable amelioration. In conclusion, tiger nut and vitamin C have beneficial effects on vocal fold healing following lead intoxication.
Vocal folds, Tiger nut, epithelization, Healing
Copyright (c) 2025 Abimbola Adetola Stephen-Adesina, Leonard Sunday Okah, Odemerho Sonia Ojakovo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of psychological distress among the youth
Psychological distress affects people of all ages and most especially the youth. Its implications on young people who are early adults are quite enormous and felt heavily in all aspects of their lives. To manage psychological distress, psychotherapy is always recommended for the youth’s optimal personal and social adjustment. Among many types of psychotherapy, the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is the most indicated for psychological distress because it is an evidence-based treatment. However, there is scarcity of psychotherapeutic package for managing psychological treatment among the youth considering their unique developmental tasks and experiences in life. The objective of this study was to prepare a treatment package for the management of psychological distress among the youth for sustainable counselling interventions towards personal and social adjustment. Case study research design was chosen for the purpose of the study. This choice was informed by the nature of the study which is qualitative. A brief CBT, a treatment package in eight sessions, was developed for managing psychological distress for young people between 20 and 35 years who may be in school, married, unmarried, self-employed, paid workers, clergy, and other walks of life. Based on the present study, CBT is a best remedy for the treatment of psychological distress among the youth which has great promise for good quality of life and all round ideal functioning among young people. Hence, it is recommended to counselling psychologists, including adolescents and youth counsellors and pastoral counsellors, governments, non-governmental organisations, correctional centres, and researchers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jean Bosco Habonimana, Sabina Nwakaego Obi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bacterial conjunctivitis: clinical features, types and complications; a systematic review
Bacterial conjunctivitis is an eye illness with inflammatory conjunctiva conditions. Neonatorum conjunctivitis was first discovered in 1750 by Quellmaz. In this article, an effective systematic study intends to provide an overview of etiology, prevalence, types with their treatments, diagnosis, and complications that are associated with bacterial conjunctivitis. The researchers have searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and other significant medical journal databases. The systematic review conducted on bacterial conjunctivitis yielded some significant findings and recommendations for future research. The review highlights the significance of comprehending the causes and occurrence of bacterial conjunctivitis. Future studies should prioritize the investigation of developing trends in bacterial strains that cause conjunctivitis, as well as the assessment of variations in prevalence among different populations and geographical regions. The systematic investigation classifies bacterial conjunctivitis into hyper acute, acute, and chronic forms depending on the severity of the symptoms, as well as subtypes such as purulent and mucopurulent conjunctivitis. This review conclude that bacterial conjectivitis can be cured by using antibiotic while extensive use of systemic antibiotics has induced maximal resistance in bacteria that cause ocular infections like conjunctivitis, keratitis, and other related eye illnesses.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayesha Haidar, Javeria Sharif, Ayesha Nadeem, Aqsa Perveen, Abia Muazzam, Areesha Naveed, Rameen Atique, Arshi Saeed, Rabbya Rayan Shah, Abdul Samad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessing the influence of job stress on mental health and work behaviour of nurses at Yobe State University Teaching Hospital Damaturu, Nigeria
This study aimed to investigate the influence of job stressors on the mental health and work behavior of nurses at Yobe State University Teaching Hospital Damaturu, Nigeria. Two research hypotheses were formulated corresponding to the study's objectives. The research design employed was cross-sectional reserach design. The study population consisted of 125 nurses. Data collection utilized an adopted questionnaire with a reliability index of .76. Analysis of the collected data was conducted using the Chi-square test. The findings indicated that job stress significantly influence the mental health and work behavior of nurses at Yobe State University Teaching Hospital Damaturu. Consequently, based on these findings and the conclusions drawn from the study, it is recommended that nurses' knowledge and skills be regularly updated through in-service training, workshops, and seminars. Nurses should participate in seminars and workshops focusing on areas such as human behavior, resource management, interpersonal relationships, stress management, and crisis response.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saleh Musa, Maryam Hassan Gambo, Maryam Bukar Usman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mental health challenges, suicidality, and prevention among Australian migrants of African descent
Acculturation stressors are significant psychosocial elements affecting the mental well-being of migrants globally. Migrants face diverse discriminations resulting in the feeling of despair, affecting the mental health and increase the risk of suicide behaviour. The study aims at exploring and preventing acculturation stressors related to African migrants in Australia, affecting their mental health and increase suicidal ideation. Phenomenological approach was adopted and data were analyzed through a wide range of sources like documented interviews, commentaries, journals, migrants’ records, books from library and relevant websites. The findings show that psychosocial challenges leading to suicide ideation among migrants of African descent in Australia are as results of acculturation stressors. The study thereby recommends that government and non-government agencies should take decisive action for the well-being of African migrants in Australia by adopting proactive measures to build inclusive communities, provide clinical services, enact policies to address discrimination and racism, foster social support networks, destigmatizing mental health, and ensuring culturally sensitive care.
Copyright (c) 2023 Chimaraoke Delian Anyanwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The current clinical diagnosis and management of small bowel bleeding caused by a primary aortic fistula: A literature review
Background: Primary aortic intestinal fistula is caused by erosion, rupture, and perforation of the adjacent digestive tract of the arterial wall, and the mortality rate is extremely high, the preoperative diagnosis rate is only 0%~36%, and the autopsy detection rate is only 0.04%~0.007%. Because there are no typical clinical symptoms that have not been detected, it is necessary to expand the sample size and further explore its etiology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis to improve the diagnosis rate and the relevant diagnosis and treatment techniques. Methods: This study focuses on understanding primary aortic fistula-induced small bowel hemorrhage. We gathered electronic search data from Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, and CNKI. Recommendations were extracted from the identified articles. Conclusion: To identify small intestinal hemorrhages as quickly as feasible and provide prompt and effective care, professionals should devote more attention to diagnosing and treating small intestinal bleeding and increase public awareness of the condition.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sakarie Mustafe Hidig, Fidele Kakule Kitaghenda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Gain or loss frames: An assessment of vernacular radio programme in framing of risk about type 2 diabetes
Research has demonstrated that gain framing of risk about diseases is more preferable to loss framing. People are more likely to take preventive measure since gain frames emphasize the benefits of adopting suggested behaviour as opposed to loss frames which focus on the consequences of failing to adopt suggested behaviour. Accordingly, this paper proposes to assess how a leading vernacular radio station framed type 2 diabetes risks in terms of gain or loss frames. This was done by examining recorded audio from a radio health programme dabbed ‘Miya Ngima.’ Type 2 diabetes, accounts for about 90% of all diabetes cases in Kenya. The diseases’ prevalence is particularly on the rise besides low awareness levels. This is despite various programmes put in place towards reducing the diseases’ prevalence rates and increasing awareness; hence the basis of this study. The study used Framing Theory’s in understanding how messages are constructed by Miya Ngima programme. Descriptive research designs were applied in the study. The study population consisted of 13 Miya Ngima programmes and one Miya Ngima programme host. Purposive sampling was used to select 2 Miya Ngima programmes on type 2 diabetes and 1 Miya Ngima programme host. Structured interviews were used to collect data from Miya Ngima programme host. Coding sheets were used to get data from Miya Ngima programmes. Qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. Results were presented in text formats. The findings revealed that; Miya Ngima did not frame its messages targeting prevention of type 2 diabetes appropriately.
Copyright (c) 2023 Daniel Otieno Misiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Religion of parents and communication on adolescents’ sexuality in Southwest Nigeria
Risky sexual behaviour among adolescents has increased considerably. The situation has resulted in the early sexual debut of the young ones, engagement with multiple partners and adolescent pregnancy among adolescents in Nigeria and the Sub-Saharan in general. This is not unconnected with inadequate and uni-directional, weak and autocratic communication channels about sexuality within the family. Adolescents may seek information about sexuality from distorted, incomplete and unreliable information sources, such as the social media, peers, novels, music and magazines. This behaviour has resulted in gaps in communication, and which have had long-term consequences on their health and wellbeing. This study examined the influence of parent’s religion on sexual conversation by parents with their adolescents. A descriptive research design was adopted. Sample size was seven hundred and twenty-one (721) parents of adolescents selected through a multistage sampling technique from three (3) Southwest States in Nigeria. Data were collected using questionnaire. Analyses of data were done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that (16.7%) of parents had poor level of communication on sexuality with their adolescents, (23.1%) parents had an average level of communication on sexuality, while, a good number (60.2%) of parents had good level of communication on sexuality with their adolescents. In addition, the religion of parents significantly influenced discussions on adolescents’ sexuality. There is need for parents to give sexual health information to adolescents and communicate with their adolescents on sex-related issues. They need to overcome inhibitions in discussing sex-related matters with their children from childhood.
Copyright (c) 2023 Olusanya Omoniyi Oyewole, Ogunsanmi Joyce Olufunke, Olusanya Abiola Oyebimpe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Fungal spoilage of cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum) and scotch bonnet pepper (Capsicum chinense)
The fungal spoilage of scotch bonnet pepper and cayenne pepper was investigated. About 20 Samples of cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum) and scoth bonnet pepper (Capsicum chinense) were obtained from five differerent sellers (four samples each) including two (2) spoiled and two (2) fresh samples in Wadata market in Makurdi metropolis. The samples were serially diluted and dilution 10-2 and 10-4 dilution factors were used, inoculation was done using pour plate method onto SDA medium and the colonies were enumerated in colony forming unit per gram (CFU/g). Identification of the colonies was done from the colony characteristics such as color, shape and type of hyphae under the microscope using the compendium for fungi. Production of afflatoxin by the isolated fungi was also determined. The occurrences of the isolated organisms was recorded based on frequencies and percentage. The isolated fingi were Trychophyton Sp, Geotrichum Sp, Mucor Sp, and Yeast. Preservation and proper handling of different species of pepper should be taken seriously and hygienically to reduce spoilage organisms and hence bring post-harvest losses of pepper to a minimal level.
Copyright (c) 2023 Targema Benson Terer, Mlan Ruth Ruth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of different concentrations of garlic extract on dental plaque isolates obtained from patients attending Federal Medical Center Makurdi
Instead of the traditional microbiological pathogens, the microbes that make up the mouth's resident micro-flora are what cause oral diseases like dental caries/plaque and periodontal disorders. The aim of this study was determine the effect of different concentrations of garlic extract on dental plaque isolates obtained from patients attending Federal Medical Center Makurdi. Swap samples were collected from teeth of patients and were transported to the laboratory, analysis was done on different culture media and identification of isolates was done using the Bergy’s manual of determinative bacteriology, biochemical characterization was carried following standard microbiological methods. The antibacterial activity was done using agar well diffusion method in which the garlic extract was introduced in concentrate. Concentrations of 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, 65.3 mg/mL and 35.5mg/mL were prepared and used for the susceptibility. The Isolates from results were Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus feacalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The effect observed was concentration dependent as all the graphs obtained shows a linear series, the lowest inhibitory concentration shows that 250mg/ml was the lowest concentration that inhibits each of the isolates in ethanolic garlic extract while 500 mg/mL was the minimum inhibitory concentration for the aqueous garlic extract. Oral hygiene was recommended in order to help reduce the accumulation of dental plaque which usually harbours primary microbes that colonize the teeth surfaces resulting to caries and periodontal diseases. The use of mouth wash containing garlic and or toothpaste incorporated with alicin was recommended as this can help reduce the accumulation of dental plaque biofilm thereby minimising the incidence of dental caries and periodontal diseases.
Copyright (c) 2023 Benson Terer Targema, Grace Mwuese Gberikon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessing the effects of COVID-19 stress on mental health among Kashmiri students
The COVID-19 epidemic has presented people with hitherto unheard-of difficulties, especially students who must balance the demands of their studies with the unpredictability and anxiety that come with the pandemic. The pandemic has made pupils' already high levels of worry even worse because Kashmir has a history of political unrest and conflict. This paper presents an assessment of the effects of COVID-19 stress on the mental health of Kashmiri students. The study was conducted in the form of a survey, where data was collected from a sample of 200 students using a self-administered questionnaire. The results indicate that COVID-19 stress has significantly impacted the mental health of Kashmiri students, with a majority reporting increased levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Factors such as financial instability, academic pressure, and social isolation were found to exacerbate these effects. The study concludes that there is a need for targeted interventions to mitigate the negative effects of COVID-19 stress on the mental health of Kashmiri students, with a focus on addressing the specific challenges faced by this population. The results of this study will be helpful in understanding how students' mental health was affected by the Covid-19 outbreak in Kashmir and will guide the creation of effective interventions to promote their welfare.
Copyright (c) 2023 Showkat Ahmad Dar, Fatima akther https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exposure to heavy metals in oil and gas wastes: A systematic review on health hazards assessment and mitigation in Nigeria
Heavy metals are toxic elements that are known to pose a significant threat to human health and the environment. In the oil and gas industry, heavy metals can be found in various waste streams, including drilling muds, production fluids, and produced waters. It is important to assess the health hazards associated with these wastes to ensure the safety of workers and the public. This systematic review aimed to assess the health hazards of heavy metals present in oil and gas waste in Nigeria. The study analyzed the levels of heavy metals in the waste, their sources, and the potential health risks associated with exposure. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies published. The results of the study showed that high levels of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and mercury were present in the oil and gas waste in Nigeria. The exposure to these heavy metals can lead to serious health issues such as respiratory problems, kidney damage, and cancer. Based on the literature, there are several methods that can be used to mitigate the health hazards of heavy metals in oil and gas waste. These methods include incineration, treatment with chemicals, proper landfill management, and recycling. To ensure the safety of workers and the surrounding communities, it is essential that these methods be implemented and monitored properly. The findings of these studies call for increased public health interventions and the implementation of effective measures to prevent and mitigate the toxic impacts of petroleum waste on the health of local communities. The study also highlighted the need for effective regulations and more management strategies to minimize the exposure of the population to these hazardous substances and protect public health.
Copyright (c) 2023 Buhari Samaila, Zayyanu Muhammad Kalgo, Buhari Maidamma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Repositioning the knowledge of mental health disorders among the Igbo tribe of Nigeria
The Igbo tribe of eastern Nigeria take the lead in expressing that mental health disorders are products of metaphysical machination or unwholesome practice which originated principally from various spiritual/metaphysical causations such as: - punishment from God or gods, evil eyes of the enemies, violation of certain customs, spirit/demonic possession, evil manipulations, sorcery, disturbances in social relations, dependence on drug substances and natural causes. In fact, the Igbo teaching on mental health diseases separated the causations and treatments from clinical protocols. By this, certain mental health diseases are incurable. Today, clinical facts have separated mental health disorders from the realm of spiritual causations with medical proofs that mental diseases comprise elements of genetic, psychological, environmental and sociological dispositions such as heart disease, drug abuse, anxiety, fever and other related medical issues. This happens that disease etiology, medical symptoms and physical examination define the type of mental disorder, diagnosis and treatment. This study aims at changing the traditional knowledge Igbo people have about mental disorders through creating wider clinical discussions on mental diseases. The study recommends that where there are cases of mental disorders, medical treatment, diagnosis and counselling (psychotherapy) should be considered appropriate.
Copyright (c) 2023 Bruno Onyinye Umunakwe, Delian Chimaroke Anyanwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0